{"id":16069,"date":"2024-02-05T18:34:01","date_gmt":"2024-02-05T18:34:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/?p=16069"},"modified":"2025-12-18T00:23:43","modified_gmt":"2025-12-18T00:23:43","slug":"laser-frequency-stabilization-laser-locking","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/blog\/laser-frequency-stabilization-laser-locking\/","title":{"rendered":"Exploring laser frequency stabilization and laser locking techniques","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laser is one of the most important inventions of the 20th century, as far as experimental physics is concerned. Since the first demonstration of a laser in 1960, they have become ubiquitous in research labs across the world, forming a cornerstone of modern optics and quantum research. Laser stabilization, also known as laser locking, is a critical step in optimizing the performance of a laser for the most cutting-edge applications. In this article we will look at why lasers are useful, why they need to be stabilized, and explain laser locking techniques. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For more information, <\/span><\/p>\n<style data-hubspot-cta-style=\"hs-inline-web-interactive-185741598834\">\n<p>  a.hs-inline-web-interactive-185741598834 {<br \/>    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important;cursor: pointer !important;-moz-user-select: none !important;-webkit-user-select: none !important;-o-user-select: none !important;user-select: none !important;display: inline-block !important;font-weight: normal !important;text-align: center !important;text-decoration: none !important;-moz-transition: all .4s ease !important;-webkit-transition: all .4s ease !important;-o-transition: all .4s ease !important;background: #3574E3 !important;border-radius: 6px !important;border-width: 0px !important;color: #FFFFFF !important;font-family: sans-serif !important;height: auto !important;transition: all .4s ease !important;padding:6px 18px;text-shadow: none !important;width: auto !important;font-size: 24px !important;line-height: 1.5em !important;<br \/>  }<\/p>\n<p>  a.hs-inline-web-interactive-185741598834:hover {<br \/>    background: rgb(50, 110, 216) !important;color: rgb(242, 242, 242) !important;<br \/>  }<\/p>\n<p>  a.hs-inline-web-interactive-185741598834:active {<br \/>    background: rgb(50, 110, 216) !important;color: rgb(242, 242, 242) !important;<br \/>  }<\/p>\n<p>  a.hs-inline-web-interactive-185741598834:active:hover {<br \/>    background: rgb(50, 110, 216) !important;color: rgb(242, 242, 242) !important;<br \/>  }<\/p>\n<\/style>\n<p><a class=\"hs-inline-web-interactive-185741598834 \" href=\"https:\/\/cta-service-cms2.hubspot.com\/web-interactives\/public\/v1\/track\/click?encryptedPayload=AVxigLL48LL7pm5EQCqmtdLfZtXNopFZ2rUN2aiSpdi0x%2BpZr7%2Ffr4SPcS3kHv3Rdp5CvXK7S6U%2Bwl%2FfBMPwkVdCPraOO%2BXhQ8TnAhnA%2B12yGudfiRqQhbb%2BUoIGw3OGWCkEwFDcw1K%2Ff%2BDFK4fbebYK%2BjwiV1nkSuEEor4Jrn3BdpoMeCYarS6gxjst9RQXG4IlD8A1gEdSNPepoBSIn2JakKwsRlARb45JmmF5PqA1vm6uLb1jx2ebehOMnI2b720oS3t%2BGxYezQhNAmfVMWmKjyS0Ff6duWQ%3D&amp;portalId=3954510\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hubspot-cta-id=\"185741598834\">download the ebook on the ultimate guide to Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) laser locking<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<h2><b>What is a laser?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main feature of a laser is that it emits light that is both monochromatic and coherent, forming a beam. With these stable, coherent light sources, users can investigate specific frequencies of interest and focus and direct the laser beam where it is needed. This ability makes lasers incredibly useful for driving atomic transitions, transmitting information, performing microscopy, and a host of other applications. Lasers are now essential components in diverse fields, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/blog\/2024\/01\/18\/introduction-to-quantum-optics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">quantum optics<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/07\/shining-light-through-a-wall-axion-detection-at-desy-with-mokulab-and-mokupro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dark matter detection<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/blog\/2024\/01\/16\/srs-lock-in-amplifier\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Raman spectroscopy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Why is laser frequency stabilization important?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite ostensibly being stable light sources, in reality lasers are highly susceptible to environmental factors such as source current fluctuations, temperature variations, mechanical vibrations, and aging of components. This causes the laser to drift in frequency or phase over time. For applications requiring precise and repeatable measurements, this is an issue that must be addressed. Fortunately, researchers have developed several ways to stabilize, or \u201clock,\u201d the frequency of a laser.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>How is a laser stabilized?&nbsp;<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are a few different ways to stabilize a laser. One of the most common is the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jila1.nickersonm.com\/papers\/Laser%20Phase%20and%20Frequency%20Stabilization%20Using%20an%20Optical%20Resonator.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pound-Drever-Hall<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (PDH) technique. As seen in Figure 1, the setup requires a laser source, electro-optic modulator (EOM), RF synthesizer, photodiode, and frequency demodulator (typically a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/blog\/2024\/01\/18\/digital-lock-in-amplifier\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lock-in amplifier<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). The last component, which serves as the frequency reference, is an optical cavity, or \u00e9talon, with highly reflective mirrors. The high reflectiveness ensures that the cavity has an extremely narrow linewidth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13801 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PDHFig2.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: A typical PDH laser locking setup.\" width=\"700\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PDHFig2.png 1649w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PDHFig2-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PDHFig2-1024x615.png 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PDHFig2-768x462.png 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PDHFig2-1536x923.png 1536w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/PDHFig2-600x361.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Figure 1: A typical PDH laser locking setup.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The goal of the PDH procedure is to sweep the laser frequency until it matches that of the cavity, and then keep the laser locked to it using a feedback loop. After the beam is generated by the laser source, it passes through the EOM for phase modulation. The modulation frequency generated by the RF source in this case is typically higher than the linewidth of the cavity. After this, the beam will then have three frequency components, consisting of the original signal plus two sidebands.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the modulated signal passes into the optical cavity, a different proportion of the signal will be reflected or transmitted based on its frequency. In a sense, the cavity converts the frequency-modulated beam into an amplitude-modulated one, which can easily be picked up later with a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/products\/integrated-instruments\/lock-in-amplifier\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lock-in Amplifier<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Moreover, the phase of the reflected signal also depends on whether the frequency component is above or below the cavity resonance. The interference between the reflected beam and sidebands produces a complex frequency profile \u2014 see the mathematical basis for PDH locking <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/edisciplinas.usp.br\/pluginfile.php\/5095949\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Pound-Drever-Hall_Introduction__AJP.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2014 but the result is the generation of an \u201cerror term\u201d that can be recovered by demodulating at the same frequency using the lock-in amplifier.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To find the locking point, first sweep the center frequency of the laser.&nbsp; Then, calculate the error signal at each point. Upon completion, the sweep will show three zero crossings of the error signal, corresponding to the points where each frequency component is resonant with the cavity. The sign and magnitude of the error signal determine how far the laser frequency is deviating from the cavity resonance. This information can be fed back to the laser via a servo to adjust it, forming a closed-loop feedback system.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>What are the advantages of the PDH laser locking method?&nbsp;<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In contrast to other laser stabilization techniques, such as side-of-fringe locking, PDH locking has several distinct benefits. First, the generated error signal has a sign associated with it, which allows the user to determine whether the laser frequency is higher or lower than the cavity frequency. This means that you can lock the laser directly onto the cavity resonance and correct the frequency no matter which direction it drifts. Second, the error signal is independent of the incident laser power, meaning there is no noise added to the system by intensity fluctuations. Lastly, the error signal as a function of frequency is approximately linear near resonance, a useful regime for the feedback loop to operate in.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>What is a laser lock box?&nbsp;<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A laser lock box is a tool that implements the full PDH process, from modulation to PID feedback. In the case of the software-defined <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/products\/integrated-instruments\/laser-lock-box\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moku Laser Lock Box<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it replaces the standalone RF generator, phase shifter, demodulator, filter, and PID controller with a single, all-digital instrument, eliminating the analog noise and insertion loss introduced by physical components. The Moku Laser Lock Box significantly streamlines the process \u2014 by using the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/products\/ipad-app\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moku: app<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and integrated <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/products\/integrated-instruments\/oscilloscope\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oscilloscope<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, you can check the status of the modulation, error, or PID signals on one screen and select your lock point at any of the zero crossings. Other features include the digital phase shifter, which helps find the sweet spot for demodulation, and the fully integrated fast and slow PID controllers, which provide the feedback signal to the laser. The Moku Laser Lock Box reduces both the physical footprint and technical complexity of a PDH laser locking system, while automating the process for the end user.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-16072 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Screenshot-2024-02-01-at-11.25.44\u202fAM.png\" alt=\"a laser error signal\" width=\"700\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Screenshot-2024-02-01-at-11.25.44\u202fAM.png 1464w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Screenshot-2024-02-01-at-11.25.44\u202fAM-300x218.png 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Screenshot-2024-02-01-at-11.25.44\u202fAM-1024x744.png 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Screenshot-2024-02-01-at-11.25.44\u202fAM-768x558.png 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Screenshot-2024-02-01-at-11.25.44\u202fAM-600x436.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Figure 2:&nbsp; The Moku Laser Lock Box as viewed in the Moku: app. Circles on the error plot represent the zero crossings, which can be selected as lock points via Lock Assist.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Perspective and additional resources<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using the PDH method for laser stabilization and to lock a laser frequency is a prerequisite for implementing advanced optical experiments. Flexible tools like the Moku Laser Lock Box reduce the size and complexity of the laser locking system and eliminate the hassle and repetitive nature of the task, improving the user experience with valuable time savings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check out the following app notes and case studies to see the Moku Laser Lock Box in action.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/blog\/2023\/07\/26\/how-to-optimize-pdh-laser-locking-with-the-mokupro-laser-lock-box\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to optimize PDH laser locking with the Moku:Pro Laser Lock Box<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Learn to streamline the Pound-Drever-Hall laser locking technique using the Laser Lock Box for Moku devices.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/blog\/2023\/03\/15\/laser-locking-with-closed-loop-transfer-function-measurement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laser locking with closed-loop transfer function measurement<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Learn how to use software-defined instrumentation to perform simultaneous locking and characterization of a narrow linewidth laser system.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/resonator-length-stabilization-with-the-mokupro-laser-lock-box-at-the-university-of-munster\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Resonator length stabilization with the Moku:Pro Laser Lock Box at the University of M\u00fcnster<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">See how researchers are accelerating signal characterization goals by eliminating repetitive, time-consuming tasks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--HubSpot Call-to-Action Code --><span id=\"hs-cta-wrapper-671f54b8-cbb1-4847-8ddd-9720f34ecd3c\" class=\"hs-cta-wrapper\"><span id=\"hs-cta-671f54b8-cbb1-4847-8ddd-9720f34ecd3c\" class=\"hs-cta-node hs-cta-671f54b8-cbb1-4847-8ddd-9720f34ecd3c\"><!-- [if lte IE 8]>\n\n\n<div id=\"hs-cta-ie-element\"><\/div>\n\n\n<![endif]--><a href=\"https:\/\/cta-redirect.hubspot.com\/cta\/redirect\/3954510\/671f54b8-cbb1-4847-8ddd-9720f34ecd3c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"hs-cta-img-671f54b8-cbb1-4847-8ddd-9720f34ecd3c\" class=\"hs-cta-img aligncenter\" style=\"border-width: 0px;\" src=\"https:\/\/no-cache.hubspot.com\/cta\/default\/3954510\/671f54b8-cbb1-4847-8ddd-9720f34ecd3c.png\" alt=\"New call-to-action\" \/><\/a><\/span><script charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"https:\/\/js.hscta.net\/cta\/current.js\"><\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> hbspt.cta.load(3954510, '671f54b8-cbb1-4847-8ddd-9720f34ecd3c', {\"useNewLoader\":\"true\",\"region\":\"na1\"}); <\/script><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Questions?<\/b><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Get answers to FAQs in our Knowledge Base<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you have a question about a device feature or instrument function, check out our extensive <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/knowledge.liquidinstruments.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Knowledge Base<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to find the answers you\u2019re looking for. You can also quickly see popular articles and refine your search by product or topic.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Join our User Forum to stay connected<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Want to request a new feature? Have a support tip to share? From use case examples to new feature announcements and more, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/forum.liquidinstruments.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">User Forum<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is your one-stop shop for product updates, as well as connection to Liquid Instruments and our global user community.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The laser is one of the most important inventions of the 20th century, as far as experimental physics is concerned. Since the first demonstration of a laser in 1960, they have become ubiquitous in research labs across the world, forming a cornerstone of modern optics and quantum research. Laser stabilization, also known as laser locking, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":49,"featured_media":16072,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[318],"class_list":["post-16069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-opticsandphotonics","site-category-laser-lock-box","site-category-lock-in-amplifier"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Laser Locking and Stabilization Techniques | Liquid Instruments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how to implement laser locking and laser frequency stabilization for applications in quantum optics, 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