{"id":1914,"date":"2020-03-11T18:58:59","date_gmt":"2020-03-11T18:58:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/?p=1914"},"modified":"2024-10-23T21:13:17","modified_gmt":"2024-10-23T21:13:17","slug":"mokulabs-laser-lock-box-implementing-a-pound-drever-hall-laser-locking-system-with-mokulab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/application-notes\/mokulabs-laser-lock-box-implementing-a-pound-drever-hall-laser-locking-system-with-mokulab\/","title":{"rendered":"Implementing a PDH laser locking system with Moku","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p><em>Updated April 24, 2023<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"Sub-Title\">In this application note, we outline the essential aspects of the <a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/streamline-the-pound-drever-hall-technique-with-mokupro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PDH laser locking method<\/a> and the practical use of the Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box instrument to realize a PDH laser locking system. This method is also compatible with Moku:Go and Moku:Pro Laser Lock Boxes.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; padding-bottom: 40px;\">\n\n<\/div>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2 style=\"margin-right: -1.0pt;\">Pound-Drever-Hall laser locking with Moku:Lab<\/h2>\n<p>Locking a laser by forcing the laser and reference frequency to be equal allows for two scenarios: (1) the locking system steers the laser frequency to be equal to the reference frequency, which is referred to as frequency stabilization; and (2) the locking system forces the reference frequency to follow the laser frequency, which is referred to as frequency tracking.\u00a0 Whether used for frequency stabilization or frequency tracking, Liquid Instruments\u2019 Laser Lock Box is designed to assist in high-performance, high-gain laser locking systems. The Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box offers advanced setup, acquisition and diagnostic features that makes it easier and quicker to set up and characterize laser locking systems.<\/p>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Basics of laser locking and the PDH technique<\/h2>\n<p>At the core of any laser locking technique is the measurement that provides the difference, or error, between the laser and a frequency reference. Often termed the \u2018error signal\u2019, the quality of this signal ultimately determines the precision and accuracy of the entire locking system. Arguably one of the most precise methods for obtaining an error signal is the Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique. Using the PDH error signal in feedback systems has proven to give an extremely accurate and precise measure of changes in the laser or cavity, resulting in its use in a myriad of applications such as absorption spectroscopy and gravitational wave detection. The PDH error signal technique has several key advantages such as:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The technique provides highly accurate and precise measures of phase and frequency differences between the laser and the cavity resonance.<\/li>\n<li>The sensing technique provides a zero-crossing error signal with zero frequency difference corresponding to a null error signal.<\/li>\n<li>Assuming all signal processing is done digitally, it avoids low frequency noise generated in analog electronics and demodulation circuits<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>These advantages do come at some cost. To obtain such a precise measure of the frequency\/phase, the PDH technique utilizes radio-frequency modulation and demodulation techniques. This adds considerable complexity to the signal processing system as well as some complexity to the optical system. But once understood, these complexities are minor compared to the advantages of the PDH systems.<\/p>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<p><!--HubSpot Call-to-Action Code --><span id=\"hs-cta-wrapper-9ecbb9ec-bf08-4413-b433-60afe6078a77\" class=\"hs-cta-wrapper\"><span id=\"hs-cta-9ecbb9ec-bf08-4413-b433-60afe6078a77\" class=\"hs-cta-node hs-cta-9ecbb9ec-bf08-4413-b433-60afe6078a77\"><!-- [if lte IE 8]&gt;--><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"hs-cta-ie-element\"><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cta-redirect.hubspot.com\/cta\/redirect\/3954510\/9ecbb9ec-bf08-4413-b433-60afe6078a77\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"hs-cta-img-9ecbb9ec-bf08-4413-b433-60afe6078a77\" class=\"hs-cta-img aligncenter\" style=\"border-width: 0px;\" src=\"https:\/\/no-cache.hubspot.com\/cta\/default\/3954510\/9ecbb9ec-bf08-4413-b433-60afe6078a77.png\" alt=\"Learn more about our ebook: The ultimate guide to PDH locking\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<!-- end HubSpot Call-to-Action Code --><\/p>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Laser Locking using the Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box<\/h2>\n<p>The Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box aims to drastically reduce the complexity usually associated with operating and using a PDH locking system. Figure 1 illustrates an example setup of a PDH laser locking system. The setup uses a solid state Nd:YAG NPRO laser, which is aligned and mode-matched to a moderate finesse cavity. The Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box was subsequently used to produce all the signals required to lock the laser to the cavity resonance.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1930\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure1.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 1: Example of PDH laser locking system\" width=\"699\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure1.jpg 982w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure1-300x112.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure1-768x286.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure1-600x224.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 15%; padding-right: 15%; text-align: center; font-size: 18px;\"><em><strong>Figure 1:<\/strong> Example of PDH laser locking system<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Locking a laser consists of:<\/h3>\n<ol class=\"ol1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Setting up the system (including alignment).<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Modulating the laser<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Centering the resonance<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Obtaining an error signal<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Locking the laser<\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Optimizing the lock<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Setting up the system<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For the system to be operating optimally, it is important to ensure that the laser beam is well aligned with the optical axis of the cavity and that the mode of the laser matches well with the spatial mode of the resonator. It is important to note that misalignment or mode-mismatches can result in reduced locking performance or, in extreme cases, the system not working at all. Finally, the system is monitored using two photodetectors; one photodetector receives light that is reflected back off the cavity, and the other one receives light that has passed through the cavity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Connecting the Moku:Lab Outputs<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">To produce a successful PDH lock, several signals need to be generated.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"ol1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The modulation signal; sent to the EOM to produce phase modulation sidebands.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The primary feedback signal; in this case feedback to the PZT frequency controls of the laser. To drive the PZT of the laser, a high voltage amplifier (HV amp) was used.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The secondary feedback signal (Optional); used to feedback to the thermal controls of the laser. Temperature feedback generally has greater range but slow and coarse tuning software.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In this case, the modulation signal and the secondary feedback signals were generated on output 2 of the Moku:Lab and separated using a Bias-Tee.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Connecting the Moku:Lab Inputs<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The reflected signal from the photodetector generally contains all the information needed to create a feedback signal. This signal is connected to input 1 for most of the signal processing. The second input channel is able to monitor any secondary auxiliary signals.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"ol1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Input 1 is used as the main channel for most signal processing. In this system the AC output of the photodetector was connected to input 1 of the Moku:Lab.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The DC component of the transmitted signal was connected to input 2. Although not necessary, the DC signal helps identify and optimize features in the locking system.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Modulating the laser<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Phase modulation in this case is achieved by applying a sinusoidal voltage signal to the EOM.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">A modulation signal can be produced by utilizing the <b><i>Aux oscillator<\/i><\/b> feature. For this system we will use a 10 MHz modulation tone.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"ol1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Set the Aux oscillator to 10 MHz.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Set the Amplitude of the Aux oscillator. Be sure to choose a voltage that is within the EOM specifications. In this case we set the amplitude to 100 mV.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Choose the Aux Oscillator output. In this example, set the Aux Oscilloscope to output 2.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Switch the output on.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Scanning the Laser Frequency and finding a resonance<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Scanning the laser frequency greatly helps characterize and optimize signals for locking.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">A scanning feature is integrated into the Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box. In this example we set the scan generator to output a signal to the PZT actuator (output 1). To do this:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"ol1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Set the scan to a triangle waveform<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Set the amplitude to 500 mV<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Choose which output to send the Scan signal to. In this example the output channel is set to output 1<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Switch the output on<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1931\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure2.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 2: Auxiliary oscillator is used to drive the EOM and create phase modulation sidebands.\" width=\"670\" height=\"517\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure2.jpg 1360w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure2-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure2-1024x789.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure2-768x592.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure2-600x462.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 15%; padding-right: 15%; text-align: center; font-size: 18px;\"><em><strong>Figure 2:<\/strong> Auxiliary oscillator is used to drive the EOM and create phase modulation sidebands.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Centering the system resonance<\/h2>\n<p>To make things easier while setting up a laser lock, we can usually center the resonance in the middle of the scan and adjust the offsets applied to the temperature controller.<\/p>\n<p>Adjust the offset to the temperature until the resonant feature occurs at 0 on the scan.<\/p>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Getting and Optimizing the Error Signal<\/h2>\n<p>To get an error signal, the RF signal received from the photodetector needs to be demodulated with the local oscillator. Selecting the correct phase of the local oscillator is critical to optimize the error signal. \u2028\u2028To do this, adjust the phase of the local oscillator whilst observing the error signal.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1934\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure3.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3: Channel A and B showing transmitted response of the cavity and error signal recovered from the cavity respectively.\" width=\"670\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure3.jpg 1360w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure3-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure3-1024x789.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure3-768x592.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure3-600x462.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 15%; padding-right: 15%; text-align: center; font-size: 18px;\"><em><strong>Figure 3:<\/strong> Channel A and B showing transmitted response of the cavity and error signal recovered from the cavity respectively.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Locking the Laser<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Manually locking the laser<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"ol1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Center the resonance on the scan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Set the fast PID controller. (it may be useful to just use an integrator with a ~10 Hz pole as the response can be optimized later)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Turn on the PID controllers<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Slowly decrease the scan amplitude until the laser power is at maximum.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Turn off the scan<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Using Tap-to-Lock<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"ol1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Center the resonance on the scan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Set the fast PID controller. (it may be useful to just use a integrator with a ~10 Hz pole as the response can be optimized later)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Select tap to lock mode<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Tap on the resonance that you want to lock to<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Note: Make sure that the direction of the feedback is correct.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Adjusting and optimizing your lock<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Once the system is locked, we can optimize the lock.. This generally means adjusting the gains in the PID controller.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">To do this open the PID controller menu:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"ol1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Increase the proportional gain slightly until the system begins to oscillate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Reduce the proportional gain slightly until the system stops oscillating<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Repeat this for the integrators and differentiators (if necessary)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1935\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure4.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 4: When the laser is locked, the transmitted power (Channel A) will be at its constant maximum. The error signal (Channel B) will also be held at zero.\" width=\"670\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure4.jpg 1360w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure4-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure4-1024x789.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure4-768x592.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/20-0311_AppNote-MokuLabPDHwithLLB-01-Figure4-600x462.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 15%; padding-right: 15%; text-align: center; font-size: 18px;\"><em><strong>Figure 4:<\/strong> When the laser is locked, the transmitted power (Channel A) will be at its constant maximum.<br \/>\nThe error signal (Channel B) will also be held at zero.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box provides an all-in-one laser locking instrument with intuitive controls. By replacing stand-alone waveform generators, phase shifters, demodulators, filters and PID controllers, Moku:Lab enables a high performance laser locking solution.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Reference<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">[1] Danielle M. R. Wuchenich, Christoph Mahrdt, Benjamin S. Sheard, Samuel P. Francis, Robert E. Spero, John Miller, Conor M. Mow-Lowry, Robert L. Ward, William M. Klipstein, Gerhard Heinzel, Karsten Danzmann, David E. McClelland, and Daniel A. Shaddock, &#8220;Laser link acquisition demonstration for the GRACE Follow-On mission,&#8221; Opt. Express 22, 11351-11366 (2014)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\">[2] Moku:Lab Arbitrary Waveform Generator user manual at <a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/products\/integrated-instruments\/waveform-generator\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/products\/integrated-instruments\/waveform-generator\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Have questions or comments?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/company\/contact\/\" class=\"button outline blue\" ><span>Contact us<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Updated April 24, 2023 In this application note, we outline the essential aspects of the PDH laser locking method and the practical use of the Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box instrument to realize a PDH laser locking system. This method is also compatible with Moku:Go and Moku:Pro Laser Lock Boxes. Pound-Drever-Hall laser locking with Moku:Lab [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":45,"featured_media":3910,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-application-notes","site-category-laser-lock-box","site-category-mokulab"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Implementing a PDH laser locking system with Moku<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Efficiently implement Pound-Drever-Hall laser locking with Moku:Lab. Achieve precise PDH locking using the Laser Lock Box instrument.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/application-notes\/mokulabs-laser-lock-box-implementing-a-pound-drever-hall-laser-locking-system-with-mokulab\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Implementing a PDH laser locking system with Moku\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Efficiently implement Pound-Drever-Hall laser locking with Moku:Lab. 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