{"id":8801,"date":"2021-08-27T18:05:03","date_gmt":"2021-08-27T18:05:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/?p=8801"},"modified":"2024-10-21T20:25:49","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T20:25:49","slug":"buck-converter-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/application-notes\/buck-converter-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Buck converter analysis","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This lab tutorial walks through a common power electronics lab to show how the Moku:Go&#8217;s Oscilloscope, Waveform Generator, and Power Supplies can be used simultaneously to power and analyze a Buck (Step Down) Converter.<\/p>\n<h2>Moku:Go<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8708\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_GoHeader.jpg\" alt=\"Moku:Go\" width=\"700\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_GoHeader.jpg 974w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_GoHeader-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_GoHeader-768x378.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_GoHeader-600x296.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Moku:Go combines 15+ lab instruments in one high performance device, with 2 analog inputs, 2 analog outputs, 16 digital I\/O pins and optional integrated power supplies.<\/p>\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>DC\/DC power converters are one of the most common electronic systems implemented today, so being able to quickly debug and evaluate the quality of a converter is important for any kind of engineer. Moku:Go is a great test and measurement device for power electronics because it integrates various instruments into a single environment that allows for rapid circuit development, testing, and validation.<\/p>\n<p>This first converter lab will show how Moku:Go\u2019s integrated Oscilloscope, Waveform Generator, and Programmable Power Supplies (PPSUs) are used to easily characterize a typical buck converter built on a breadboard. Moku:Go is controlling the input power, PWM duty cycle, and PWM frequency for this converter while allowing two input channels for the Oscilloscope. This allows for design changes to be quickly implemented and verified within the same laptop interface to help reduce development time.<\/p>\n<h2>Experimental Setup<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8807\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_01-image-01.jpg\" alt=\"Lab Equipment Setup Comparison Traditional (left)\" width=\"323\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_01-image-01.jpg 484w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_01-image-01-300x223.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8808\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_01-image-01b.jpg\" alt=\"Lab Equipment Setup Comparison Moku:Go (right)\" width=\"359\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_01-image-01b.jpg 730w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_01-image-01b-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_01-image-01b-600x401.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 359px) 100vw, 359px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Lab Equipment Setup Comparison<br \/>\nTraditional (left) vs. Moku:Go (right)<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Components<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Moku:Go [1x]<\/li>\n<li><strong>R1 <\/strong>Resistor 1k\u2126 [x1]<\/li>\n<li><strong>R2 <\/strong>Resistor 10k\u2126 [x1]<\/li>\n<li><strong>R3 <\/strong>Resistor 100\u2126 [x1]<\/li>\n<li><strong>R4<\/strong> Resistor 100m\u2126 [x1]<\/li>\n<li><strong>C<sub>in<\/sub> <\/strong>Capacitor 100nF [x1]<\/li>\n<li><strong>C<sub>out1<\/sub> <\/strong>Capacitor 100\u03bcF [x1]<\/li>\n<li><strong>C<sub>out\u00ad2<\/sub> <\/strong>Capacitor 470\u03bcF [x1]<\/li>\n<li><strong>L1 <\/strong>Inductor 100\u03bcH x[1]<\/li>\n<li><strong>Q1<\/strong> MOSFET <a href=\"https:\/\/www.infineon.com\/dgdl\/irfz44npbf.pdf?fileId=5546d462533600a40153563b3a9f220d\">IRFZ44N<\/a> [x1]<\/li>\n<li><strong>Q2 <\/strong>Transistor S8050 [x1]<\/li>\n<li><strong>D1 <\/strong>Diode 1N4007 [x1]<\/li>\n<li>Breadboard [x1]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8854\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DC-DC-Converter-sckmt.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Buck Converter\" width=\"975\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DC-DC-Converter-sckmt.png 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DC-DC-Converter-sckmt-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DC-DC-Converter-sckmt-768x251.png 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DC-DC-Converter-sckmt-600x196.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 1: Buck Converter<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This setup uses both the 16V PPSU and the waveform generator (WG) to drive the MOSFET&#8217;s gate. The WG is configured to produce a square wave with digital PWM, which makes driving the MOFSET and characterizing the buck converter simple since it is all done from a single interface. The transistor Q2 is used as the gate driver and converts the 5V square wave to a 12V square wave to ensure the FET is operating in its saturation region. Keep in mind, that the driver circuit is inverting the duty cycle of the PWM signal, so an increase in duty cycle in the WG interface translates to a decrease in duty cycle at the MOSFET&#8217;s gate.<\/p>\n<h2>Lab Procedure<\/h2>\n<h4>1. Circuit Setup<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Construct the circuit in Figure 1 using components from the Experimental Setup section.<\/p>\n<p>Configure PPSU2 to 12V and 150mA. Then, set the integrated Waveform Generator to have a square wave output with V<sub>PP<\/sub> = 5V, V<sub>offset<\/sub> = 2.5V,\u00a0<em>f<\/em>= 500Hz, and D = 50%. The software setup should look similar to Figure 2 below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8811\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_03-figure-02.jpeg\" alt=\"Figure 2: Moku:Go Software Setup\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_03-figure-02.jpeg 1920w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_03-figure-02-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_03-figure-02-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_03-figure-02-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_03-figure-02-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_03-figure-02-600x338.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 2: Moku:Go Software Setup<\/em><\/p>\n<h4>2: Test Gate Driver Signal (V<sub>GS<\/sub>)<\/h4>\n<p>Connect a scope probe from Input1 to the gate of the MOSFET <strong>Q1 <\/strong>and a different scope probe from Input2 to the source (pin 3) of the MOSFET. Keep in mind that <em>every input and output of\u00a0 Moku:Go shares a common ground<\/em>, so the only ground wire that should be used is the one for the PPSU (black banana plug wire). From here, enable the math channel and select the subtraction operator to subtract Input2 (ChB) from Input1 (ChA). This will give you the V<sub>GS<\/sub> waveform.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8812 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_04-image-02.jpg\" alt=\"enable the math channel and select the subtraction operator to subtract Input2 (ChB) from Input1 (ChA). This will give you the VGS waveform.\" width=\"244\" height=\"80\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Vary the duty cycle in the desktop app, does the waveform look how you expect it to? How does varying the duty cycle in the desktop app change the duty cycle of the measured V<sub>GS<\/sub> waveform?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8813\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_05-figure-03.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3: VG waveform using the Math channel\" width=\"701\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_05-figure-03.jpg 1261w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_05-figure-03-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_05-figure-03-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_05-figure-03-768x433.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_05-figure-03-600x338.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 3: V<sub>G<\/sub> waveform using the Math channel<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Typical points of interest for V<sub>GS<\/sub> are the rising and falling edges of the PWM signal to ensure voltage overshoot does not break the FET\u2019s gate. Zoom in to the rising edge of one pulse using the magnifying glass button in the top right, or enable rubber-band zoom by pressing \u2018R\u2019. You can also use the mouse wheel scroll to vary the time divisions and ctrl+scroll to vary voltage divisions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8814\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_06-image-03.jpg\" alt=\"rubber-band zoom\" width=\"176\" height=\"60\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Once focused on the waveform of interest, we can measure the voltage overshoot using the draggable cursors from the bottom left cursor button. Drag up from the <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8802 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/cursor-button.jpg\" alt=\"button\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" \/>\u00a0button for voltage cursors and drag right for time cursors. There can be up to 8 total cursors on screen at once and each of them contains additional functionality like tracking max\/min or being set as reference. To access the smart cursor menu, right-click on the number pill on the Oscilloscope screen. You can see that the grey time-axis cursors are measuring the turn-on time of the FET with the leftmost one being set as a reference. This tells us our FET has a turn-on time of about 25.5\u00b5s.<\/p>\n<p>You can also use the automatic measurements in the \u2018Measurement\u2019 tab located in the settings drawer on the right side of the screen. Click on the measurement to change its type, channel, or to set a difference channel measurement.<\/p>\n<p>What is the voltage overshoot at the gate terminal when the FET turns on and is it above the maximum V<sub>GS<\/sub> rating on the datasheet?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>[Solution]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8816\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_07-figure-04.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 4: VGS Overshoot and oscillations measurement\" width=\"701\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_07-figure-04.jpg 1426w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_07-figure-04-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_07-figure-04-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_07-figure-04-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_07-figure-04-600x338.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 4: V<sub>GS<\/sub> Overshoot and oscillations measurement<\/em><\/p>\n<p>We can see our overshoot voltage peak is about 10.48V. Looking at the IRFZ4NN data sheet, we see it is not large enough to damage the FET&#8217;s gate (\u00b120V).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8817\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_08-figure-05.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 5: IRFZ4NN VGS Max rating\" width=\"601\" height=\"135\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_08-figure-05.jpg 872w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_08-figure-05-300x67.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_08-figure-05-768x173.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_08-figure-05-600x135.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 5: IRFZ4NN V<sub>GS<\/sub> Max rating<\/em><\/p>\n<h4>3: Converter Efficiency<\/h4>\n<p>The most common figure of merit for any type of power converter is its efficiency, given as a ratio of <em>P<sub>out<\/sub>\/P<sub>in<\/sub><\/em>, where <em>P<sub>out<\/sub> = V<sub>out<\/sub>*I<sub>out<\/sub><\/em> and <em>P<sub>in<\/sub> = V<sub>in<\/sub>*I<sub>in<\/sub><\/em>. What is the converter&#8217;s efficiency at D = 50%?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>[Solution]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Since Moku:Go is being used to both power the converter\u2019s input and monitor the output, it is straightforward to get a power efficiency measurement by using the PPSU \u2018Actual\u2019 measurements and the Oscilloscope\u2019s Math channel. Measuring the voltage across the load resistor <strong>R3<\/strong>\u00a0and the voltage across the shunt resistor <strong>R4<\/strong>, the Math channel can then be enabled and set to its function mode. This way, you can enter the power equation directly using Channel A as the output voltage and divide the voltage on Channel B by the shunt resistor (in this case <strong>R4 <\/strong>= 100m\u2126). You can also choose the desired units in this mode for the Math channel as well. Adding a \u2018Mean\u2019 measurement to the measurements tab will then give us <em>P<sub>out<\/sub><\/em>. To get <em>P<sub>in<\/sub><\/em>, we simply need to open the PPSU window and multiple V<sub>actual<\/sub> by I<sub>actual<\/sub>. This gives us a converter efficiency of\u2026<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8857\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Efficiency-equation.jpg\" alt=\"Equation\" width=\"376\" height=\"93\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Efficiency-equation.jpg 352w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Efficiency-equation-300x74.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8819\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_10-figure-06.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 6: PPSU 2 Power Monitor to obtain Pin\" width=\"300\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_10-figure-06.jpg 312w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_10-figure-06-300x254.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 6: PPSU 2 Power Monitor to obtain P<sub>in<\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8853\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Figure7.png\" alt=\"Figure 7: Oscilloscope Setup to obtain Pout\" width=\"795\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Figure7.png 1920w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Figure7-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Figure7-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Figure7-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Figure7-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Figure7-600x338.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 7: Oscilloscope Setup to obtain P<sub>out<\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n<h4>4: V<sub>out<\/sub> Ripple Voltage<\/h4>\n<p>Set D = 0.3 and enable AC coupling. Measure the output ripple of V<sub>out<\/sub> across <strong>R3<\/strong>.\u00a0If you are having trouble getting a clean measurement, enable precision mode in the \u2018Acquisition\u2019 settings tab. Enable averaging to help with repeated measurements as well.<\/p>\n<p>What is the RMS value of V<sub>\u00adout<\/sub> ripple voltage?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8821\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_12-figure-08-1.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 8: Vout Ripple with Cout1 = 100\u00b5F\" width=\"804\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_12-figure-08-1.jpg 1335w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_12-figure-08-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_12-figure-08-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_12-figure-08-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_12-figure-08-1-600x338.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 8: V<sub>out<\/sub> Ripple with C<sub>out1<\/sub> = 100\u00b5F<\/em><\/p>\n<p>We can see that our peak-to-peak ripple voltage is about 93mV, which isn\u2019t too great. Now change the C\u00ad<sub>out<\/sub> capacitor to C<sub>out2<\/sub> = 470\u00b5F. Is the ripple reduced?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>[Solution]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8822\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_13-figure-09.jpeg\" alt=\"Figure 9: Vout Ripple with Cout2 = 470\u00b5F\" width=\"753\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_13-figure-09.jpeg 1920w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_13-figure-09-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_13-figure-09-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_13-figure-09-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_13-figure-09-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_13-figure-09-600x338.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 753px) 100vw, 753px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 9: V<sub>out<\/sub> Ripple with C<sub>out2<\/sub> = 470\u00b5F<\/em><\/p>\n<h4>5: <strong>V<sub>out<\/sub> Harmonics<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Enable the Math channel and use FFT to determine magnitude of frequency components.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8823\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_14-figure-10.jpeg\" alt=\"Figure 10: Vout FFT\" width=\"746\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_14-figure-10.jpeg 1908w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_14-figure-10-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_14-figure-10-1024x577.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_14-figure-10-768x433.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_14-figure-10-1536x866.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_14-figure-10-600x338.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 10: V<sub>out<\/sub> FFT<\/em><\/p>\n<h4><strong>6: V<sub>DS<\/sub> Ripple Current<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>With C<sub>in<\/sub> disconnected, connect scope probes across V<sub>DS<\/sub>. Remember not to use the grounding pins of\u00a0 the scope probes and instead use the Math channel to obtain the V<sub>DS<\/sub> waveform. What is the frequency of the oscillation when the switch closes? Is overshoot acceptable?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8824\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_15-figure-11.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 11: VDS without Cin\" width=\"722\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_15-figure-11.jpg 1316w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_15-figure-11-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_15-figure-11-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_15-figure-11-768x433.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_15-figure-11-600x338.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 11: V<sub>DS<\/sub> without C<sub>in<\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Now connect C<sub>in<\/sub> and see how it changes the ripple current waveform.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8825\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_16-figure-12.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 12: VDS with Cin\" width=\"700\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_16-figure-12.jpg 1375w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_16-figure-12-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_16-figure-12-1024x578.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_16-figure-12-768x433.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_16-figure-12-600x339.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 12: V<sub>DS<\/sub> with C<sub>in<\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n<p>We can see that C<sub>in<\/sub> trades off a reduction in peak overshoot voltage for increased ringing during MOSFET turn-on time.<\/p>\n<h4>7: <strong>V<sub>L<\/sub> in Discontinuous Conduction (DCC)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Set D = 10% and connect a scope probe across\u00a0<strong>L1<\/strong>, this is your V<sub>L<\/sub>. What is the frequency of the parasitic oscillation?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8826\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_17-figure-13.jpeg\" alt=\"Figure 13: VL oscillations\" width=\"701\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_17-figure-13.jpeg 1644w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_17-figure-13-300x195.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_17-figure-13-1024x665.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_17-figure-13-768x499.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_17-figure-13-1536x998.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_17-figure-13-600x390.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 13: V<sub>L<\/sub> oscillations<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8827\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_18-figure-14.jpeg\" alt=\"Figure 14: VL oscillations\" width=\"700\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_18-figure-14.jpeg 1896w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_18-figure-14-300x168.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_18-figure-14-1024x575.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_18-figure-14-768x431.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_18-figure-14-1536x862.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_18-figure-14-600x337.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 14: V<sub>L<\/sub> oscillations<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Finally, let\u2019s see how frequency impacts the converter\u2019s DCC mode. Set D = 80% and slowly increase the frequency in the integrated WG by selecting the frequency settings box and using the arrow keys to increase the frequency. The significant digit the cursor is in front of is the digit the arrow keys will change.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8828\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_19-figure-15.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 15: VL in DCC @ 500Hz\" width=\"701\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_19-figure-15.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_19-figure-15-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_19-figure-15-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_19-figure-15-768x433.jpg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_19-figure-15-600x338.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 15: <\/em>V<sub>L<\/sub> in DCC @ 500Hz<\/p>\n<p>We know that the converter is no longer operating in DCC when these oscillations are not present in the V\u00ad<sub>L<\/sub> waveform. At around 4.3kHz, the converter returns to continuous conduction mode. This type of active learning style can be great for teaching students why component selection is important for desired device operation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8829\" src=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_20-figure-16.jpeg\" alt=\"Figure 16: VL in CC @ 4.3kHz\" width=\"701\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_20-figure-16.jpeg 1900w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_20-figure-16-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_20-figure-16-1024x577.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_20-figure-16-768x433.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_20-figure-16-1536x865.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/liquidinstruments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AppNoteBlogPost_20-figure-16-600x338.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figure 16: V<sub>L<\/sub> in CC @ 4.3kHz<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p>This lab goes through a typical buck converter analysis for undergraduates while focusing on how to use the integrated instrument environment of Moku:Go to quickly get the converter running and then do a basic performance analysis. The ability to vary the converter\u2019s duty cycle and switching frequency while viewing specific waveforms in the integrated oscilloscope environment allows students to easily see how these parameters affect the performance of a converter. It can also be great for quickly comparing converter performance against different components since the power supplies are also accessible from the same interface and screenshots of converter performance can be quickly saved since the scope and controls are already on your computer.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Benefits of Moku:Go<\/h3>\n<p>For the educator &amp; lab assistants<br \/>\nEfficient use of lab space and time<br \/>\nEase of consistent instrument configuration<br \/>\nFocus on the electronics, not the instrument setup<br \/>\nMaximize lab teaching assistant time<br \/>\nIndividual labs, individual learning<br \/>\nSimplified evaluation and grading via screenshots<\/p>\n<h3>For the student<\/h3>\n<p>Individual labs at their own pace enhance the understanding and retention<br \/>\nPortable, choose pace, place, and time for lab work be it home, on-campus lab, or even collaborate remotely<br \/>\nFamiliar Windows or macOS laptop environment, yet with professional-grade instruments<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Moku:Go Demo Mode<\/h3>\n<p>You can download the Moku:Go app for macOS and Windows at the Liquid Instruments website. The demo mode operates without the need for any hardware and provides a great overview of using Moku:Go.<\/p>\n<hr style=\"margin: 50px 0 50px 0 !important;\" \/>\n<h2>Have questions or want a printable version?<\/h2>\n<p>Please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:support@liquidinstruments.com\">support@liquidinstruments.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This lab tutorial walks through a common power electronics lab to show how the Moku:Go&#8217;s Oscilloscope, Waveform Generator, and Power Supplies can be used simultaneously to power and analyze a Buck (Step Down) Converter. Moku:Go Moku:Go combines 15+ lab instruments in one high performance device, with 2 analog inputs, 2 analog outputs, 16 digital I\/O [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":14,"featured_media":8834,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5,84],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8801","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-application-notes","category-coursework","site-category-education","site-category-mokugo","site-category-oscilloscpe","site-category-power-electronics"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Buck converter analysis - Liquid Instruments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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